【语法】句子成分·谓语
本期视频讲解
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV16v411s7aU
谓语负责陈述主语的动作、状态,例如主语在做什么 / 主语是什么 / 主语呈现什么样子、处于什么状态。例如
Captain America runs very fast.
Captain America wears a helmet.
Captain America has a shield.
Captain America speaks French.
Captain America rides a bike.
Iron Man is cool.
Spiderman was excited.
The Avengers were hungry.
I am sad to hear the news.
谓语可由此分为动作型谓语和状态型谓语。
动作型谓语
负责陈述主语的动作,「做什么」,例如
I speak English.
She speaks English.
I went swimming last week.
He takes over from here.
以上四个例句中的谓语又可称为「简单谓语」,即由实义动词 ① / 短语动词单独构成的谓语。
由助动词 / 情态动词 + 动词(及其变形)构成的谓语可称为「复合谓语」②,例如
I am speaking English.
She doesn’t speak English.
I can’t swim.
He will take over from here.
① 什么是「实义动词」?
实义动词即有实际意义的动词,如 walk, talk, eat 等,与系动词、助动词、情态动词相对。
② 亦有说法把实义动词的时态、语态变化归为「简单谓语」,而把系表谓语归为「复合谓语」。
状态型谓语
负责陈述主语的身份、性质、特征、(非动作性)状态,「是什么」,例如
You are amazing.
I am a human being.
She is 7 years old.
It is freezing outside.
It was wonderful.
I feel terrible about it.
You look stunning.
It seems doable.
We remained calm.
He gets excited when it comes to physics.
状态型谓语一般由系动词 + 表语构成,故又称「系表型谓语」。